A review of Tephrosia braceolate and Clarias gariepinus typifying the toxicological effects of plant extraction on aquatic life

Abstract

Background: Fish farmers and African aqua-culturists have been exploring plants for various pathological benefits without being cautious of the points the plants' extract can be toxic to the rearing fish or the wild aquatic environment, regardless of the solvents used for the extraction. Objectives: This review aims to present this nexus between Tephrosia bracteolata and Clarias gariepinus for the possible toxicological effect of plant extract on aquatic life and consideration in aquatic and fish toxicology. Methodology: The study explored 56 research articles published on Tephrosia bracteolate and Clarias gariepinus using their taxonomy and natural distribution to gather universally adopted terms for correct information. Results: The review looked through similar studies to gather data on T. bracteolate classification, taxonomy, geographical distribution, medicinal properties, chemical constituents, and pharmacological properties for its beneficial consumption. The review explored the (acute and chronic) toxicity studies and ecological implications of T. bracteolate to create an avenue for its possible threats and proper management. Furthermore, the review presented information on Clarias gariepinus concerning its taxonomy, natural distribution and habitat, mode of feeding, reproduction and environmental changes to relate well to how the exemplified fish could contact the plant extract in the wild. Lastly, the review tabled a nexus for the toxicity of Tephrosia bracteolate leaf extract on Clarias gariepinus using the fish's haematological and histopathological parameters. Conclusion/ Recommendation: The review established the toxic effects of the plant's ethanol extract on the typified fish and other aquatic life, offering advice for precautionary measures while exploring the medicinal values of plants for any benefits.